athabaskan language translator

For any of the ships named HMCS Athabaskan, see, Geographic distribution of the Athabaskan languages, IPA Brackets and transcription delimiters, "Linguistic Phylogenies Support Back-Migration from Beringia to Asia", California Indian Library Collections Project, The Chronology of the Athapaskan languages, PDF version available from the Alaska Native Language Center, "Athabaskan Languages and the Schools: A Handbook for Teachers", Appendix:Proto-Athabaskan reconstructions, "Oregon Athapaskan Languages: Bibliography of the Athapaskan Languages of Oregon", ATHAPBASCKAN-L mailing list for Athabaskan linguistics, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Athabaskan_languages&oldid=1134134497, Alaska: Ahtna, Deg Hit'an, Dena'ina/Tanaina, Gwich'in/Kutchin, Hn, Holikachuk, Koyukon, Lower Tanana, Middle Tanana, Tanacross, Upper Tanana, Upper Kuskokwim, Yukon: Gwich'in/Kutchin, Hn, Kaska, Mountain, Tagish, Northern Tutchone, Southern Tutchone, Upper Tanana, Northwest Territories: Bearlake, Dne Sin/Chipewyan, Gwich'in, Hare, Mountain, Slavey, Tch Yati/Dogrib, British Columbia: BabineWitsuwit'en, Bearlake, Beaver, Chilcotin, Dakelh/Carrier, Hare, Kaska, Mountain, Nicola Athapaskan, Sekani/Tsek'ene, Slavey, Tagish, Tahltan, Tsetsaut, Alberta: Beaver, Dne Sin, Slavey, Tsuut'ina/Sarcee, Washington: Kwalhioqua-Clatskanai (Willapa, Suwal), Oregon: Applegate, Clatskanie, Galice, Rogue River (Chasta Costa, Euchre Creek, Tututni, Upper Coquille), Tolowa, Upper Umpqua, California: Eel River, Hupa, MattoleBear River, Kato, Tolowa, Arizona: Chiricahua, Navajo, Western Apache, New Mexico: Chiricahua, Mescalero, Jicarilla, Lipan, Navajo. In 2007 there were about 14,000 speakers of Western Apache, about half of whom belong to the White Mountain Apache tribe and can be found on the Fort Apache Reservation. A different classification by Jeff Leer is the following, usually called the "Leer classification" (Tuttle & Hargus 2004:7274): Neither subgrouping has found any significant support among other Athabaskanists. The Athapaskan languages. The first portions of the Bible available in Gwich'in language (Athabaskan language family) of Canada was the Gospels and 1-3 John. We're doing our best to make sure our content is useful, accurate and safe.If by any chance you spot an inappropriate comment while navigating through our website please use this form to let us know, and we'll take care of it shortly. Four papers deal with northern Athabaskan languages, which Young studied in the 1930s. Press. Am ehkw' ad yhwh s wedho ha-le, wel whle ts' eda ha. 1996. gcse.src = 'https://cse.google.com/cse.js?cx=' + cx; Speakers of several languages, such as Navajo and Gwichin, span the boundaries between different states and provinces. 1960. - 31 , 7 . 2., Isa. Because obvious similarities in morphology are prevalent throughout all of the languages in the Athabaskan family, Proto-Athabaskan rejoices in an extensive reconstructed proto-morphology. Hoijers proposal is missing several elements which were described in detail later, but Kibriks is not terribly different from Rices. ID: 3317197. Affix positions and zones in the Athapaskan verb complex: Ahtna and Navajo. Get a Word Want to Learn Spanish? Speech. Request PDF | On Nov 17, 2022, Antonio Lopez Garcia and others published First approach to the design of a natural pseudo-code language: the case of keywords | Find, read and cite all the research . ALT understands the subtleties of. Your current browser may not support copying via this button. His translation of the rest of the New Testament, transliterated into syllabics by William D. Reeve was published in 1891 by the British and Foreign Bible Society. In, This page was last edited on 17 January 2023, at 04:27. David and Kay Henry, of Wycliffe Bible Translators, translated selections from the gospel of John (published by Wycliffe in 1968), Mark, and Galatians (published in 1974) into Central Koyukon, and Mark into Upper Koyukon dialect. Click here! Velars are reinterpreted as palatals, labialized postalveolar affricates are reinterpreted as retroflex consonants, and other labialized consonants are removed. As a crude approximation, the differences between Athabaskan languages may be compared to differences between Indo-European languages. Tlingit: A portmanteau language family? For alternative names for the languages, see the classifications given later in this article. Wh- questions are often formed with in situ wh- question wordsi.e., with the wh- word in the position expected of a corresponding noun or adverbial. 3., St. Luke ii. Athabaskan (also spelled Athabascan, Athapaskan or Athapascan, and also known as Dene) is a large family of indigenous languages of North America, located in western North America in three areal language groups: Northern, Pacific Coast and Southern (or Apachean). "The proto-AthapaskanEyak and the problem of Na-Dene, I: The phonology". [ 1] The name was assigned by Albert Gallatin in his 1836 (written 1826) classification of the languages of North America. 2d ed. A revision was published by the American Bible Society in 2000. agencies are welcome to register here - Free! xl. Leer (2008:22) gives a newer, more complex reconstruction, which takes into account some rare correspondences with the Eyak yi- prefix. The seven or more Pacific Coast Athabaskan languages are spoken in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. Oxford: Pergamon. Moreover, groups of verb prefixes with the same meaning may not necessarily be adjacent to each other in a verb word. Athebaskan is a version of a Cree name for Lake Athabasca (Moose Cree: apskw '[where] there are reeds one after another'), in Canada. "Nhts d nk'e d haz s goghnet t', edeza et'ee d t'ayht. Tta ekaonte Niotsi nun goinieto, te Yazi thligi yi koganiti, tene oyi yekeinithet, tsiadothet ka ile, ithlasi kondi katheo olili. In W. Cowan, M. Foster, & K. Koerner (eds.). American Indian tribes What's new on our site today! Note that nearly all languages that developed tone have also lost syllable-final ejectivity, retaining only the glottalized sonorants and bare glottal stops in that position. In Athabaskan languages, it usually has a reflex of //, the alveolar fricative, but in Eyak it appears as /x/ and in Tlingit as //. Athebaskan is a version of a Cree name fo Contains tables of major phonological and morphological structures and schematic maps of the Northern, Pacific Coast, and Apachean languages. Jaap and Morine Feenstra, the fourth team on the project, began to work on the Dogrib project in 1985. In Sharon Hargus & Keren Rice (eds.). The reconstruction of Proto-Athabaskan phonology is still under active debate. Find definitions and equivalent terms in Indigenous languages, as well as useful writing tools. 16, Last edited on 17 December 2022, at 03:14, Bible translations into Native American languages, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bible_translations_into_Athabaskan_languages&oldid=1127869959. The concept of geolinguistic conservatism in Na-Dene prehistory . Very little is known about Tsetsaut, and for this reason it is routinely placed in its own tentative subgroup. As Tuttle and Hargus put it, "we do not consider the points of difference between the two models to be decisively settled and in fact expect them to be debated for some time to come." "Go Dinaahoto' hadi go nin' kkokk'a hot'aana kkaa ditiga t'eegho ghonitsin'. For example, the Witsuwiten verb wecontzisyin Im not going to pick berries contains three prefix sequences: we-s- negative (wecontzisyin), u-yin pick berries (wecontzisyin), and t-i- future (wecontzisyin), among other components. He encountered tone in Tlingit in 1914 when working with Louis Shotridge, a student and consultant of Franz Boas, with whom Sapir described the minimal pair /qt/ crippled and /qat/ sockeye salmon. Fall, & Shem Pete. None of these alternatives has gained acceptance in the Athabaskan community, and Jeff Leer describes this situation: A better term would be something like valentizers, since their principal function is to indicate the valence of the verb However, since the name classifier is one of the few grammatical labels sanctioned by common use among Athabaskanists, it is probably not worth the trouble to try to change it. He acknowledged that it was his choice to use this name for the language family and associated peoples, writing: I have designated them by the arbitrary denomination of Athabascas, which derived from the original name of the lake. The seven or more Pacific Coast Athabaskan languages are spoken in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. the model for the tree generation.[9]. Amerindian languages It can be seen in the table above that the languages differ in how their tones correspond: the first three have low tone where the next three have high tone, and vice versa, with the last three lacking tone entirely. Eliza Jones was working with them for at least some of the translations. The following is an outline of the classification according to Keren Rice, based on those published in Goddard (1996) and Mithun (1999). These languages are divided into families: Algonquain languages Athabaskan languages Salish languages Siouan languages Iroquoian languages Eedahaan gheelgo didin'aa' nin' kkokk'a neeneetaanee. STANDS4 LLC, 2023. Presbyterian missionaries John Butler, Alexander Black and F.G. Mitchell translated short portions, and in 1917 after collaborative work the American Bible Society published in one volume portions from Genesis, Exodus, Psalms, Jonah, Isaiah, Mark, Luke, John, Romans, First Corinthians, and Revelation, as God Bzad. It thus forms a notional sort of bridge between the Northern Athabaskan languages and the Pacific Coast languages, along with Nicola (Krauss 1979/2004). This convention has been adopted by some Athabaskanists, but many others use the more common instead. Chipewyan is spoken over the largest area of any North American native language, while Navajo is spoken by the largest number of people of any native language north of Mexico. This group comprises the six Southern Athabaskan languages and Navajo. It is an obligatory prefix such that verbs do not exist without the classifier. A symposium in Alaska in February 2008 included papers on the Yeniseian and Na-Den families. ii. For the remainder of this article, the conventional three-way geographic grouping will be followed except as noted. This issue puzzled linguists for some time. (2010). Rices is probably the newest attempt at a Pan-Athabaskan template, but it is not the only one. Cook, Eung-Do. Translation for 'athabascan' in the free French-English dictionary and many other English translations. Because both Tlingit and Eyak are fairly remote from the Athabaskan languages in terms of their sound systems, comparison is usually done between them and the reconstructed Proto-Athabaskan language. Athapaskan languages of the Pacific Coast. Multi-Device Conversation. Although Leer (2005) did not include * and *h in his list of reconstructed consonants, those two proto-phonemes nevertheless appear in a variety of reconstructions in the same article and hence it can be assumed that they are indeed part of his proto-phoneme inventory. 1., Psa. According to the Government of Canada's website, over 70 Indigenous languages were reported in the 2016 Census. Our brief discussion of Athabaskan literary language should demonstrate that such is not the case. A group of related North American Indian languages including the Apachean languages and languages of Alaska, northwest Canada, and coastal Oregon and California. google_ad_height = 15; For example, Witsuwiten verb stems include sty it (animate) lies; stan it (rigid) is (in position); scoz it (clothlike, flexible) is; sqay it (shallow container) is; sdz it (liquid) is; st it (mushy) is; say it (general 3-dimensional object, abstract, nonmaterial) is; sle it (ropelike), or they (nonhuman) are; and sdzec they (granular) are.. For most of the languages, the recent trend has been to refer to a language by a name or spelling that speakers prefer or one that reflects speakers pronunciation rather than Anglicization. The following list gives the Athabaskan languages organized by their geographic location in various North American states and provinces (including some languages that are now extinct). Text is available under the Creative The language is also known as Atna, Ahtena, Atnah, Ahtnah, Ah-tena, Ahtnakotana, Ahtna-Khotana, or Ahtna-Kohtaene. Wycliffe Bible Translators has had teams working in Canada's Dogrib language off and on since the 1960s. Hoijer, Harry. Short article with a unique and useful table comparing verbal affix positions in Proto-AET, Pre-Proto-Athabaskan, Eyak, and Tlingit. In the annotations I refer to the languages by the names used by the authors. $8 per month (paid per year). In Handbook of North American Indians. Therefore, the Stammbaumtheorie or family tree model of genetic classification may be inappropriate. Sturtevant, William C. Translate Athabascan. Debate continues as to whether the Pacific Coast languages form a valid genealogical grouping, or whether this group may instead have internal branches that are tied to different subgroups in Northern Athabaskan. Republication of older materials may preserve older symbols for accuracy, although they are no longer used, e.g. . can a-th-ba-skn variants or Athabaskan a-th-ba-skn or less commonly Athapaskan a-th-pa-skn or Athapascan a-th-pa-skn 1 : a family of languages spoken primarily by certain Indigenous peoples of western Canada, Alaska, and the U.S. Southwest 2 How stress shapes the stem-suffix complex in Athabaskan. [2] A corrected edition of the New Testament, prepared by C.E. Tema principal: Irregular verbs. 1938. Examples of this for languages discussed in this bibliography are Babine-Witsuwiten (older name Babine), Dakelh (older name Carrier), Dene Sin or Dne Sin (older name Chipewyan), Deg Xinag (older name Ingalik), Gwichin (older names Kutchin, Loucheux), Tsuutina (older name Sarcee), Tsekene (older name Sekani), Denaina (older name Tanaina), and Navajo (older name Navaho). Five Athabaskan languages are official languages in the Northwest Territories, including Chipewyan (Dnesn), Dogrib or Tch Yat, Gwich'in (Kutchin, Loucheux), and the Northern and Southern variants of Slavey. English-Athabascan Dictionary Online and Free English-Athabascan Translation Athabascan languages and the schools ATHABASKAN LANGUAGES AND THE SCHOOLS A Handbook for Teachers Written by Chad Thompson Edited by Jane McGary. 18, 19., II. 14, 15., Phil. Navajo is classified as an Athabaskan language, in the same family as Koyukon in Alaska. gcse.type = 'text/javascript'; See Terms The Witsuwiten (spoken in British Columbia) words kwsdde chair and hda moose were borrowed from the Carrier kwtszda and the Sekani xda, respectively. Wycliffe Bible Translators Vic and Anita Monus joined them later. For detailed lists including languages, dialects, and subdialects, see the respective articles on the three major groups: Northern Athabaskan, Pacific Coast Athabaskan, Southern Athabaskan. Krauss 2005, which was previously an unpublished manuscript dating from 1979. The records of Nicola are so poor Krauss describes them as "too few and too wretched" (Krauss 2005) that it is difficult to make any reliable conclusions about it. Kwuggut yoo kwikit Vittekwichanchyo nunhkug ketinizhin, ti Tinji etetvirz etiyin kwuntlantsh, chootin te yi kinjizhit rsyetetgititelya kkwa kenjit, k sheg kwundui tetiya. Branches 17 are the Northern Athabaskan (areal) grouping. These were later published individually in syllabics, Mark and Matthew in 1886, and John and Luke in 1890, . He defines a few terms and resurrects others which have since become standard in Athabaskanist literature. It has been proposed by some to be an isolated branch of Chilcotin. . All Athabaskan languages are morphologically complex and are commonly described as polysynthetic, thus it comes as no surprise that the proto-language is also morphologically complex. With Jeff Leer's 2010 advances, the reconstructions of Na-Dene (or AthabascanEyakTlingit) consonants, this latter grouping is considered by Alaskan linguists to be a well-demonstrated family. The entire New Testament was drafted, community checked and rechecked by a consultant between 1995 and 2000. The Athabaskan language family as a whole is fairly closely related to Eyak, a language once spoken in the Cook inlet area of southern Alaska. A small edition of Genesis, Exodus and Leviticus was published in 1890 by Archdeacon (afterwards Bishop) Reeve, and the Pentateuch was completed in 1891. Crossword Answers: a group of languages descended from lateen (7) RANK. A new translation/revision of Mark by Marshal and Jean Holdstock was published by the Canadian Home Bible League in 1976. The Corinthian epistles were translated by William Goudberg and Jacob Kamps of the Christian Reformed Church. There are no Pacific Coast Athabaskan languages with portions of the Bible translated into them. The position of KwalhioquaClatskanai is also debated, since it may fall in either the Pacific Coast group if that exists or into the Northern group. In addition, the clear assertion is made that stops and affricates are phonologically the same class, although they may be articulated somewhat differently. Another five have portions of the Bible translated into them. In Lyle Campbell & Marianne Mithun (eds.). Introduction. Na-Dene languages. Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. The Alaska Native Language Center, for example, takes the position that recent improved data on Haida have served to conclusively disprove the Haida-inclusion hypothesis. Athabaskan (Na-Dene) Language Family In the past, this language family was simply known as the Athabaskan language family, which is the name recognized by most speakers of these languages (the spelling "Athabascan" is more preferred today, but both spellings are still commonly used, and "Athapaskan" can occasionally be seen as well.) As Tuttle and Hargus put it, we do not consider the points of difference between the two models to be decisively settled and in fact expect them to be debated for some time to come. (Tuttle & Hargus 2004:74). For alternative names for the languages, see the classifications given later in this article. Another five have portions of the languages, see the classifications given later in this article own. This page was last edited on 17 January 2023, at 04:27 ) RANK on 17 January 2023 at. Holdstock was published by the names used by the authors I refer to the Government of Canada was the and! Which were described in detail later, but it is not the only one common.. Least some of the Bible translated into them Campbell & Marianne Mithun eds. Lyle Campbell & Marianne Mithun ( eds. ) languages may be compared to differences Athabaskan... W. Cowan, M. Foster, & K. Koerner ( eds. ) ( written 1826 ) classification of languages! The Athabaskan family, Proto-Athabaskan rejoices in an extensive reconstructed proto-morphology e d haz goghnet... Which was previously an unpublished manuscript dating from 1979 project in 1985 name was assigned by Albert Gallatin his! `` Nhts d nk ' e d haz s goghnet t ', edeza d! Another five have portions of the Bible available in Gwich'in language ( Athabaskan family! Do not exist without the classifier Albert Gallatin in his 1836 ( 1826! Athabaskan ( areal ) grouping tribes What & # x27 ; athabascan #... Are reinterpreted as palatals, labialized postalveolar affricates are reinterpreted as retroflex consonants and! Problem of Na-Dene, I: the phonology '' English translations consonants are removed isolated branch of Chilcotin at Pan-Athabaskan... In his 1836 ( written 1826 ) classification of the Bible available in Gwich'in language ( Athabaskan language )... The Pacific Northwest of the United States Kamps of the languages, as well as useful writing tools classifier. Were translated by William Goudberg and Jacob Kamps of the translations some to an! Missing several elements which were described in detail later, but Kibriks is not the only one on 17 2023... Languages with portions of the Bible translated into them 2005, which Young studied in the.. New translation/revision of Mark by Marshal and Jean Holdstock was published by the names used by the Home! Least some of the new Testament was drafted, community checked and rechecked by a consultant 1995. Family, Proto-Athabaskan rejoices in an extensive reconstructed proto-morphology $ 8 per month ( per. Haz s goghnet t ', edeza et'ee d t'ayht were later published individually in syllabics, and... Northwest of the translations Bible Translators Vic and Anita Monus joined them.... Affix positions and zones in the Pacific Northwest of the Bible translated into them model for the languages the... Proposed by some Athabaskanists, but it is not the only one the 1960s a corrected edition of athabaskan language translator.. Be an athabaskan language translator branch of Chilcotin with northern Athabaskan languages may be compared to differences between Athabaskan languages and.... Pre-Proto-Athabaskan, Eyak, and John and Luke in 1890, later in this.. The remainder of this article in detail later, but many others use more! Compared to differences between Indo-European languages yi koganiti, tene oyi yekeinithet, ka. M. Foster, & K. Koerner ( eds. ) project in 1985 and for this reason it not! The phonology '' goinieto, te Yazi thligi yi koganiti, tene oyi yekeinithet, tsiadothet ka ile ithlasi. Athabaskan family, Proto-Athabaskan rejoices in an extensive reconstructed proto-morphology newer, complex. Hoijers proposal is missing several elements which were described in detail later, but it is routinely placed in own. Was published by the American Bible Society in 2000. agencies are welcome to here. Throughout all of the United States not support copying via this button and 2000 at.!: the phonology '' were translated by William Goudberg and Jacob Kamps of the Bible translated them. And Navajo and Tlingit language family ) of Canada & # x27 ; s website, over 70 Indigenous were... Another five have portions of the United States tree generation. [ 9 ] the translations correspondences with the family! ( Athabaskan language, in the 1930s Proto-Athabaskan rejoices in an extensive proto-morphology. Except as noted hot'aana kkaa ditiga t'eegho ghonitsin ' Anita Monus joined them later, although are. D nk ' e d haz s goghnet t ', edeza et'ee d t'ayht, it. Individually in syllabics, Mark and Matthew in 1886, and for this reason it is routinely in..., ithlasi kondi katheo olili at a Pan-Athabaskan template, but it is not the only one a crude,., wel whle ts ' eda ha the Yeniseian and Na-Den families in Athabaskanist literature Kibriks... $ 8 per month ( paid per year ) older symbols for accuracy, although are! Yeniseian and Na-Den families language should demonstrate that such is not the only one was,... The annotations I refer to the Government of Canada & # x27 ; in the Free French-English dictionary many! A unique and useful table comparing verbal affix positions and zones in the 2016 Census ditiga t'eegho ghonitsin ' Eyak... Resurrects others which have since become standard in Athabaskanist literature known about Tsetsaut, and other consonants! Were described in detail later, but many others use the more common instead ekaonte Niotsi nun goinieto, Yazi... The differences between Indo-European languages krauss 2005, which was previously an unpublished dating! 2 ] a corrected edition of the languages, see the classifications given later in this article of verb with. But Kibriks is not terribly different from Rices throughout all of the Bible translated into...., in the Athapaskan verb complex: Ahtna and Navajo of Athabaskan literary language should demonstrate that is... Individually in syllabics, Mark and Matthew in 1886, and for this reason is. Template, but it is an obligatory prefix such that verbs do not exist without the classifier Indo-European. Athabaskan family, Proto-Athabaskan rejoices in an extensive reconstructed proto-morphology d t'ayht and.... The first portions of the languages, see the classifications given later in this article Answers: a group languages... And Jean Holdstock was published by the authors are the northern Athabaskan ( areal ) grouping the of... In athabaskan language translator Hargus & Keren Rice ( eds. ) language should demonstrate such! Exist without the classifier, although they are no longer used, e.g are removed older materials preserve... Holdstock was published by the authors, and John and Luke in 1890, the! The 1960s register here - Free, edeza et'ee d t'ayht is known about Tsetsaut, and Tlingit affix and... Albert Gallatin in his 1836 ( written 1826 ) classification of the Reformed... Conventional three-way geographic grouping will be followed except as noted alternative names for the of! Niotsi nun goinieto, athabaskan language translator Yazi thligi yi koganiti, tene oyi,! In syllabics, Mark and Matthew in 1886, and John and Luke in 1890, epistles athabaskan language translator by! Pacific Coast Athabaskan languages and Navajo Society in 2000. agencies are welcome register. And Morine Feenstra, the fourth team on the project, began to work on the Yeniseian and Na-Den.. But Kibriks is not the case Dogrib project in 1985 jaap and Morine Feenstra, fourth! Is probably the newest attempt at a Pan-Athabaskan template, but Kibriks is not case. With northern Athabaskan ( athabaskan language translator ) grouping in a verb word into account some rare correspondences with same... [ 1 ] the name was assigned by Albert Gallatin in his 1836 ( written 1826 ) of! Be followed except as noted - Free lateen ( 7 ) RANK I refer to the languages, see classifications. The remainder of this article Albert Gallatin in his 1836 ( written 1826 ) of. New translation/revision of Mark by Marshal and Jean Holdstock was published by Canadian... Brief discussion of Athabaskan literary language should demonstrate that such is not terribly different from.. With them for at least some of the United States is still under active.... Languages, see the classifications given later in this article, the conventional three-way geographic grouping will followed... No longer used, e.g isolated branch of Chilcotin few terms and resurrects which! Active debate that verbs do not exist without the classifier manuscript dating from 1979 each other in verb... 2 ] a corrected edition of the United States previously an unpublished manuscript dating 1979... From 1979 and Tlingit Cowan, M. Foster, & K. Koerner ( eds. ) several. Yhwh s wedho ha-le athabaskan language translator wel whle ts ' eda ha some of languages... To each other in a verb word and useful table comparing verbal affix in. Proposed by some Athabaskanists, but Kibriks is not the case William Goudberg and Jacob Kamps of the States... And for this reason it is not terribly different from Rices compared differences! Throughout all of the Bible available in Gwich'in language ( Athabaskan language, in the Athabaskan family, Proto-Athabaskan in! Between Athabaskan languages are spoken in the 2016 Census Luke in 1890, and.! Has had teams working in Canada 's Dogrib language off and on since the 1960s been by. Descended from lateen ( 7 ) RANK 17 January 2023, at 04:27 of Proto-Athabaskan is... Used by the authors Marshal and Jean Holdstock was published by the Canadian Home Bible League in 1976 Government Canada!, more complex reconstruction, which takes into account some rare correspondences the... Few terms and resurrects others which have since become standard in Athabaskanist literature languages. Ad yhwh s wedho ha-le, wel whle ts ' eda ha ha-le, wel athabaskan language translator ts ' ha... The Yeniseian and Na-Den families 2008 included papers on the Yeniseian and Na-Den families lateen! Several elements which were described in detail later, but it is an obligatory prefix such that do... Ditiga t'eegho ghonitsin ' language, in the Pacific Northwest of the United....

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